# Msds Vanadium — Bronsamenvatting ## Bron - Bestand: /root/Documents/HSEQ_kennis/Phoenixmetals/Gevaarlijke stoffen/MSDS/vanadium concentrate Versie 1-nl.pdf - Type: PDF - Grootte: 34 KB ## Kerninhoud Gasification Technologies Conference, October 4-6, 1998 1Initial Operation of the Shell Pernis Residue Gasification Project P.L. Zuideveld, J.D. de Graaf and S.A. Posthuma Shell International Oil Products B.V., Amsterdam and F.G. van Dongen Shell Nederland Refinery B.V. Summary The successful start-up of the PER+ project, a major revamp of the Shell Pernis refinery, is described. The heart of the new project is a world scale hydrocracker supplied with hydrogen by Shell Gasification Process units processing very heavy refinery residues. Significant amounts of electrical power are also generated from gas- and steam turbines. These units allow the Pernis refinery to process an expanded range of crudes producing more high quality products at a lower environmental impact. The plant was in full operation early 1998. Introduction The Shell Gasification Process, SGP, is an efficient and environmentally benign process for converting heavy refinery residues into clean products. In the Shell Pernis refinery this process has been made part of a major refinery revamp. In this project (called PER+) the Shell Gasification Process is the key element in converting very heavy refinery residue into hydrogen and clean fuel gas for power. The Shell Pernis refinery revamp, PER+ Shell Pernis is one of the largest industrial complexes in the Netherlands. Two independent companies operate at the site: Shell Nederland Raffinaderij B.V. and Shell Nederland Chemie B.V. Refinery activities began at the current site in the early 1930’s, and today’s refinery is highly complex with a capacity of about 18 MMt/yr (400 000 bbl/d). A strategic study was started in the late eighties for the period into the next century. With a lower USD/NLG exchange rate resulting in higher dollar cost, ageing facilities, tightening environmental requirements and product quality specifications a step change was required to provide a sustainable future for the refinery. The age of the existing units also played a role here: cat-cracker #1 was over 45 years old and modification of this unit to comply with environmental legislation would be questionable. This resulted in a refinery rejuvenation project (PER+) in which the Shell Gasification Process plays a major role. The project centred around the integration of the following units: • a world scale hydrocracking unit of 8000 t/d throughput with a hydrogen consumption of 285 t/d; • a 1650 t/d residue gasification unit for the production of both the hydrogen for the hydrocracker and clean fuelgas for a co-generation power plant. • a co-generation power plant comprising two gas turbine- (GE frame 6) and two steam-turbine generator sets that consume the clean gas from the gasification not needed for the production of hydrogen as well as all the steam generated in the effluent boilers of the gasification. As part of this 3.2 billion Dutch guilders project several more new facilities were realised for: water demineralisation, amine regeneration, sulphur recovery, sour water stripping, product manifolding, etc. requiring over 8000 tie-ins. Construction started in 1993 and the full project was completed by the end of 1997. Construction, (pre)- commissioning and start-up was achieved within a tight budget and time frame. No refinery upsets or environmental incidents occurred. With the whole project completed the above mentioned three key installations are now part and parcel of the overall refinery process, see Fig. 1. Shell Gasification in PER+ for hydrogen manufacture For the new hydrocracker a significant amount of hydrogen is needed. Although hydrogen rich off-gas from a catalytic reformer currently used as refinery fuel could be freed by replacing it by natural gas, new capacity Gasification Technologies Conference, October 4-6, 1998 2was needed. Steam methane reforming of natural gas was considered as an alternative (SNR already operates one SMR plant for Hycon). However, for this extension a process based on Shell Gasification was s ## Relevante data voor Phoenix Metals [Wordt ingevuld na kruisanalyse] ## Key artikelen / paragrafen ## Kruisverwijzingen [Wordt ingevuld na kruisanalyse]